1	In a June 15, 2011, report to Congress, the administration acknowledged that ending U.S. participation in the NATO campaign "would likely lead to the withdrawal of other NATO and coalition nation participation in the operation." See "United States Activities in Libya," White House report to Congress, June 15, 2011.
2	Judith Miller, "How Gadhafi Lost His Groove," The Wall Street Journal, May 16, 2006.
3	Ibid.
4	Andy Bloxham and Damien McElroy, "Moussa Koussa, a High-Profile Lockerbie Spymaster," The Telegraph, March 30, 2011.
5	Duncan Gardham and Christopher Hope, "Libya: Moussa Koussa, the Intelligence Chief Who Was an Enemy of the West and Then Its Friend," The Telegraph, March 31, 2011.
6	LCDR Joseph T. Stanik, USN (Ret.), "HH 362 -- History of the Middle East," U.S. NavalAcademy, April 2002.
7	"Chronology of Libya's Disarmament and Relations with the United States," Arms ControlAssociation, February 2014.
8	"U.S. Says Libya Implementing WMD Pledge," Arms Control Association.
9	Ibid.
10	"Chronology of Libya's Disarmament and Relations with the United States," Arms ControlAssociation, February 2014.
11	Associated Press, "Libya Steadily Inches from Adversary to Ally," Tampa Bay Times, January 4, 2008.
12	"US Moves Closer to Libya despite Lingering Concerns," The Jerusalem Post, January 4, 2008.
13	"U.S. Says Libya Implementing WMD Pledge," Arms Control Association.
14	Ken Silverstein, "How Kadafi Went from Foe to Ally," Los Angeles Times, September 4, 2005.
15	"Libya: Progress on the Path toward Cautious Reengagement," Hearing of the House Committee on International Relations, March 16, 2005.
16	"Libya Gives Mali 2 Security Planes," News24, April 10, 2010.
17	Omar Deghayes, Abdul Ra'ouf al-Qassim (identified as Abdul Rauf Al Qusin in some Pentagon documents), and Omar Khalifh, "Guantánamo Inmate Tells of Libyan Death Threat," The Guardian (London), February 16, 2005; "Foreign Interrogators in Guantanamo Bay," Center for Constitutional Rights.
18	See "Delivered into Enemy Hands: US-Led Abuse and Rendition of Opponents to Gaddafi's Libya," Human Rights Watch, September 2012.
19	Ken Silverstein, "How Kadafi Went from Foe to Ally," Los Angeles Times, September4, 2005.
20	"Libya: Words to Deeds," Human Rights Watch, January 2006.
21	"Transcript: Obama's Full Interview with NPR," National Public Radio, June 1, 2009.
22	Associated Press, "Obama Seeks 'New Beginning' in Muslim World," NBC News, June 4, 2009.
23	Charles Crawford, "That Obama 2009 Cairo Speech -- in Retrospect," PunditWire, July 8, 2013.
24	"Hillary's war: How conviction replaced skepticism in Libya intervention," The Washington Post, October 30, 2011.
25	Raymond Ibrahim, "How Taqiyya Alters Islam's Rules of War," The Middle East Quarterly, winter 2010.
26	Ibid.
27	"Taqqiya -- An Tactic of Lying, Concealment," The Clarion Project, April 7, 2014.
28	"Remarks by the President at the National Defense University," Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, May 23, 2013.
29	David Remnick, "Going the Distance: On and Off the Road with Barack Obama," The New Yorker, January 27, 2014.
30	"US Policy Change: Negotiate with Terrorists; Obama Seeks Direct Talks with Taliban," Before It's News. Rob Crilly, "US Seeks Direct Talks with Taliban's Mullah Omar," The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, June 5, 2011.
31	David Remnick, "Going the Distance: On and Off the Road with Barack Obama," The NewYorker, January 27, 2014.
32	"Remarks of John O. Brennan, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, on Ensuring al-Qa'ida's Demise -- As Prepared for Delivery," Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, June 29, 2011.
33	"Red Teaming and Alternative Analysis," Red Team Journal.
34	"Hillary's war: How conviction replaced skepticism in Libya intervention," The Washington Post, October 30, 2011.
35	"Security Council Approves 'No-Fly Zone' over Libya, Authorizing 'All Necessary Measures' to Protect Civilians, by Vote of 10 in Favour with 5 Abstentions," United Nations Security Council, March 17, 2011.
36	Michael Birnbaum and Joby Warrick, "NATO Steps Up Bombing in Libya; Rebels Report Gains," The Washington Post, May 10, 2011.
37	"Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on Libya, National Defense University, Washington, D.C.," March 28, 2011. Michael Birnbaum and Joby Warrick, "NATO Steps up Bombing in Libya," The Washington Post, May 10, 2011.
38	Laura Rozen, "Averting 'Srebrenica on Steroids': White House Defends Libya Operations," Yahoo! News, March 23, 2011.
39	"Libya: Ten Things about Gaddafi They Don't Want You to Know," Global Research, November 16, 2014.
40	Two months into the war, Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini said that 10,000 had died. "Libya Rebels Say 10,000 Killed, UN Sends in Food Aid," Agence France-Presse, April 19, 2011. "We were looking at 'Srebrenica on steroids' -- the real or imminent possibility that up to 100,000 people could be massacred, and everyone would blame us for it," said White House Middle East strategist Dennis Ross. See Laura Rozen, "Averting 'Srebrenica on Steroids': White House Defends Libya Operations," Yahoo! News, March 23, 2011; Ambassador to Libya Gene Cretz noted that U.S. officials have seen figures ranging from 10,000 to 30,000. See Bradley Klapper, "Libya Death Toll Could Be as High as 30,000: U.S.," The World Post, April 27, 2011.
41	Ian Black, "Libyan Revolution Casualties Lower Than Expected, Says New Government," The Guardian, January 8, 2013; "Libya: Estimate of Revolution Casualties Lowered," The Guardian (London), January 9, 2013.
42	"There are grounds for questioning the more sensational reports that the regime was using its air force to slaughter demonstrators." The ICG interviewed two senior Western journalists upon their return from Libya, both of whom said that "none of their Libyan interlocutors in Benghazi or other towns under the opposition's control had made any mention of the regime's supposed use of airpower against unarmed demonstrators in the first few days of the protests." International Crisis Group, "Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (V): Making Sense of Libya," June 6, 2011, pp. 4–5.
43	"Sexual Violence in Libya, the Middle East and North Africa," Press Statement, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Secretary of State, June 16, 2011.
44	Ewen MacAskill, "Gaddafi 'Supplies Troops with Viagra to Encourage Mass Rape', Claims Diplomat," The Guardian, April 30, 2011.
45	Sara Sidner and Amir Ahmed, "Psychologist: Proof of Hundreds of Rape Cases during Libya's War," CNN, May 23, 2011.
46	Kareem Fahim, "Claims of Wartime Rapes Unsettle and Divide Libyans," The New York Times, June 20, 2011.
47	HRW said that it "could not confirm claims of mass or systematic rape" by Gaddafi's forces. See "Libya: Transitional Government Should Support Victims," Human Rights Watch, September 19, 2011.
48	Amnesty International, "The Battle for Libya: Killings, Disappearances and Torture," September 13, 2011, MDE 19/025/2011.
49	"Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (V): Making Sense of Libya," Middle East/North Africa Report N°107 June 6, 2011.
50	Agence France-Presse, "UN Official, Investigator at Odds over Libya Mass Rape Claim," June 10, 2001.
51	See, for example, Peter Finn, "Experts Say Gaddafi Relying on Paramilitary Forces, Foreign Mercenaries to Crush Protests," The Washington Post, February 24, 2011. Nabila Ramdani, "Libya Protests: 'Foreign Mercenaries Using Heavy Weapons against Demonstrators,'" The Telegraph (London), February 20, 2011. Abigail Hauslohner, "Libyan Leader's Delusions of African Grandeur," Time, February 22, 2011. Scott Baldauf, "Qaddafi's Ties to Rebel Groups Scrutinized as 'African Mercenaries' Patrol Libya," The Christian Science Monitor, February 23, 2011.
52	"Secretary Clinton Addresses United Nations Human Rights Council," U.S. Department of State, February 28, 2011.
53	"Libya and Africa: Pogrom," The Economist, October 12, 2000.
54	Korva Coleman, "Gadhafi Using Foreign Children as Mercenaries in Libya," NPR, March 3, 2011.
55	In a March 2, 2011, interview with Radio Netherlands Worldwide, Peter Bouckaert of Human Rights Watch said that he had found no proof of mercenaries' being used by the regime after two weeks in Libya. Some 156 alleged mercenaries then under detention in Benghazi were, according to Bouckaert, Libyan citizens of sub-Saharan African descent. See "HRW: No Mercenaries in Eastern Libya," Radio Netherlands Worldwide, March 2, 2011.
56	After a lengthy investigation, Amnesty International concluded that the "allegations about the use of mercenaries proved to be largely unfounded." See "Libya: The Battle for Libya: Killings, Disappearances and Torture," Amnesty International, September 2011, p. 83.
57	"Libya: Col Gaddafi 'Has Spent £2.1M on Mercenaries,'" The Telegraph, April 20, 2011.
58	"Libya: Gaddafi on the 'Back Foot', Says Liam Fox," BBC, April 27, 2011.
59	In his March 28 address to the nation, Obama said that "broadening our military mission to include regime change would be a mistake." See "Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on Libya, National Defense University, Washington, D.C.," March 28, 2011.
60	Patricia Zengerle, "Obama Hopes Gaddafi Will Ultimately Step Down," Reuters, March 29, 2011.
61	Joby Warrick, "Hillary's war: How conviction replaced skepticism in Libya intervention," The Washington Post, October 30, 2011.
62	Adam Entous, Keith Johnson, and Charles Levinson, "Amid Libya Rebels, 'Flickers' of alQaeda," The Wall Street Journal, March 30, 2011.
63	"United States Activities in Libya," White House report to Congress, June 15, 2011.
64	Omar Ashour, "Libya's Muslim Brotherhood Faces the Future," The Brookings Institution, March 9, 2012.
65	Mahan Abedin, "From Mujahid to Activist: An Interview with a Libyan Veteran of the Afghan Jihad," Spotlight on Terror (Jamestown Foundation), March 24, 2005.
66	Al-Hayat (London), October 20, 1995; Gary Gambill; "The Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG)," Terrorism Monitor, March 24, 2005.
67	Paul Cruickshank. Susan Candiotti, and Tim Lister, "Sources: Benghazi Suspect Detained inLibya," CNN, March 14, 2013.
68	Mahan Abedin, "From Mujahid to Activist: An Interview with a Libyan Veteran of the Afghan Jihad," Spotlight on Terror (Jamestown Foundation), March 24, 2005.
69	See "The Shayler Affair: The Spooks, the Colonel and the Jailed Whistle-Blower," The Observer (London), August 9, 1998.
70	"Senior Bin Laden Aide Is Arrested in Sudan," The Independent (London), March 20, 2002. Duncan Gardham, "CIA 'Used Manchester Manual to Justify Water Boarding,'" The Telegraph (London), October 28, 2011. John Rosenthal, "Is Libi's Al-Qaeda Manual a Blueprint for Arab Spring?" Al-Monitor, October 20, 2013.
71	ABC (Madrid), September 5, 2011, and September 9, 2011.
72	"Libyan Man Jailed in Britain for Having 'Terror Documents': Police," Agence France-Presse, July 17, 2007. Contemporaneous news accounts list the defendant's name as Al-Bashir Mohammed al-Faqih, an alias listed for Abd al-Rahman al-Faqih in the Treasury Department's designation (it is not entirely clear which name is correct).
73	"Abd al-Rahman al-Faqih (QI.A.212.06), ""UN Security Council Committee pursuant to Resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and Associated Individuals and Entities,"" August 13, 2009. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, the LIFG as an organization ""is believed to have participated in the planning of the May 2003 Casablanca suicide bombings,"" suggesting that there is further evidence of LIFG involvement that remains classified. See ""Three LIFG Members Designation for Terrorism,"" U.S. Department of the Treasury, October 30, 2008."
74	Joseph Felter and Brian Fishman, "Al-Qa'ida's Foreign Fighters in Iraq: A First Look at the Sinjar Records," Combating Terrorism Center, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, NY, December 2007, pp. 7–9.
75	Felter and Fishman, op cit., pp. 10–12.
76	For example, Mauritanian national Akhmed Aziz (also known as Ahmed Ould AbdelAziz) detailed his stays at several LIFG bases and guesthouses in Afghanistan and Pakistan. See "JTF-GTMO Detainee Assessment: Ahmed Ould Abdel Aziz," February 27, 2008.
77	"Die Hard in Derna," U.S. Embassy Tripoli, Reference ID 08TRIPOLI430, June 2, 2008.
78	"At Least 10 Die in Libya Riot over Caricatures," Los Angeles Times, February 18, 2006.
79	Al-Sharq al-Awsat (London), "Libya to Demolish Notorious Abu-Salim Prison," September 10, 2009. Translation by BBC Worldwide Monitoring.
80	M. Khayat, "The Salafi-Jihadi Challenge in Libya, Part II: The Role of the LIFG and Its Former Commander 'Abd Al-Hakim Belhadj," MEMRI, August 26, 2011.
81	Tim Lister and Paul Cruickshank, "Exclusive: Senior Al Qaeda Figure 'Living in Libyan Capital,'" CNN, September 27, 2012.
82	"When America invades a country, the insurgency is legal and lawful. From a religious point of view, it is permissible and we have to support it," said Sadeq. "Violence against occupation is a sacred act . . . a sacred jihad," concurred Ali al-Salabi. See "Former Militants Wage a New Battlein Native Libya," The Washington Post, May 31, 2010.
83	"I don't believe bin Laden is calling for the killing of any single civilian," Saadi told the Washington Post. See Sudarsan Raghavan, "Former Militants Wage a New Battle in Native Libya," The Washington Post, May 31, 2010.
84	"Libyan Police Stations Torched," Al-Jazeera, February 16, 2011.
85	Al-Hayat (London), February 17, 2011. Libya released 110 Islamists of the Al-Qaeda-linked Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG), an AFP correspondent witnessed. See "AFP: Clashes Erupt as Libya Braces for 'Day of Anger,'" Agence France-Presse, February 16, 2011.
86	Justin Fishel and Jennifer Griffin, "Sources: Former Guantanamo Detainees Suspected of Joining ISIS, Other Groups in Syria," Fox News, October 30, 2014.
87	"Libyan Police Stations Torched," Al-Jazeera, February 16, 2011.
88	Charles Levinson, "Ex-Mujahedeen Help Lead Libyan Rebels," The Wall Street Journal, April 2, 2011.
89	Graeme Smith, "A Rebellion Divided: Spectre of Revenge Killings Hangs over Eastern Libya," The Globe and Mail (Toronto), April 1, 2011.
90	"In East Libya, Kadhafi Foes See End of Regime," Agence France-Presse, February 23, 2011.
91	Al-Jazeera satellite TV (Doha), February 25, 2011.
92	"JTF-GTMO Detainee Assessment: Abu Sufian Ibrahim Ahmed Hamuda Bin Qumu," April 22, 2005.
93	David D. Kirkpatrick, "The New Islamists: Libya Democracy Clashes with Fervor for Jihad," The New York Times, June 24, 2012.
94	For an English translation of the interview, see "NATO Helps Former Mujahid Come to Power in Libya," Al-Monitor, January 25, 2012.
95	Hadeel Al-Shalchi and Maggie Michael, "Libya Rebel Commander Plays Down Islamist Past," Yahoo! News, September 2, 2011.
96	"El comandante rebelde Belhadj admite que contactó con los cabecillas del 11-M," ABC (Madrid), September 10, 2011.
97	David D. Kirkpatrick and Rod Nordland, "Tripoli Divided as Rebels Jostle to Fill Power Vacuum," The New York Times, August 31, 2011.
98	"I was captured in 2002 in Peshawar, Pakistan, on my way back from Afghanistan where I fought against foreign invasion. I was handed over to the Americans, held a few months in Islamabad delivered to Libya, and released in 2008." See "Reportage. 'Noi ribelli, islamici e toll- eranti,'" Il Sole 24 Ore, March 22, 2011.
99	"Reportage. 'Noi ribelli, islamici e tolleranti'," Il Sole 24 Ore, March 22, 2011.
100	Graeme Smith, "Rebels Stand apart from Extremists," The Globe and Mail (Toronto), March 12, 2011, A19.
101	"Libya: Defining U.S. Security Interests," Hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, March 31, 2011.
102	Charles Levinson, "Ex-Mujahedeen Help Lead Libyan Rebels," The Wall Street Journal, April 2, 2011.
103	"Last Air Mission of Unified Protector Concluded," NATO, October 31, 2011.
104	Sam Dagher, Charles Levinson, and Margaret Coker, "Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern," The Wall Street Journal, October 17, 2001.
105	"The numbers of Qataris on the ground were hundreds in every region," Qatari chiefof staff Major Geneneral Hamad Ben Ali al-Attiyah later acknowledged. See "Qatar AdmitsIt Had Boots on Ground in Libya," Agence France-Presse, October 26, 2011.
106	"Qatar Admits It Had Boots on Ground in Libya," Agence France-Presse, October 26, 2011.
107	"Power Brokers -- Qatar and the UAE Take Centre Stage," Jane's Intelligence Review, January 1, 2012.
108	Sam Dagher, Charles Levinson, and Margaret Coker, "Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern," The Wall Street Journal, October 17, 2001.
109	David D. Kirkpatrick and Rod Nordland, "Tripoli Divided as Rebels Jostle to Fill Power Vacuum," The New York Times, August 31, 2011.
110	Omar Ashour, "Libya's Muslim Brotherhood Faces the Future," The Brookings Institution, March 9, 2012.
111	Harriet Sherwood and Xan Rice, "Muammar Gaddafi Calls for Ceasefire in Libyan TV Address," The Guardian, April 30, 2011.
112	"Statement on Libya," NATO, April 14, 2011.
113	Omar Ashour, "Libyan Islamists Unpacked: Rise, Transformation, and Future," Brookings Doha Center, May 2012.
114	Sharyl Attkisson, "Thousands of Libyan Missiles from Qaddafi Era Missing in Action," CBS News, March 25, 2013.
115	Marshall Curtis Erwin, "Sensitive Covert Action Notifications: Oversight Options for Congress," Congressional Research Service, April 10, 2013.
116	David Samuels, "A Conversation with Colin Powell," The Atlantic, April 2007.
117	"Al-Qaeda in Libya: A Profile," Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, August 2012, pp. 7, 15.
118	According to John Rosenthal, Hamid was quoted by Islamist websites as saying in October 2011 that sharia (Islamic law) "is a red line" and "we will not cede one rule of it." See John Rosenthal, "Benghazi: Marines 'Supported' by Jihadists," WorldNetDaily, October 16, 2012.
119	"Extremists Threaten Mutilation and Death for Seized 'Homosexuals,'" Libya Herald, November 26, 2012.
120	"Libya Islamists Destroy Sufi Shrines, Library: Military," Reuters, August 25, 2012.
121	Frederic Wehrey, "The Wrath of Libya's Salafis," Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 12, 2012.
122	George Grant and Mohamed Bujenah, "Update II: Security Forces Arrest Man in Connection with Benghazi Killings, Four Policemen Killed in Failed Release Attempt," Libya Herald, December 16, 2012,
123	"Mixed Signals: Libya Struggles to Deal with Eastern Militias," Jane's Intelligence Review, February 1, 2014.
124	Frederic Wehrey, "The Wrath of Libya's Salafis," Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 12, 2012. Anas El Gomati, "In Libya, Militias Rule," Al-Monitor, June 18, 2013.
125	Ryszard Bouvier, "Fashloum Youth Demand Government Action against Nawasi Brigade; Others Support It," Libya Herald, January 12, 2013.
126	Frederic Wehrey, "Libya Doesn't Need More Militias," The New York Times, June 10, 2013.
127	"Jason Pack and Barak Barfi, ""In War's Wake: The Struggle for Post-Qadhafi Libya,"" Policy Focus No. 118, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, February 2012; Abdel Hakim Belhaj, ""The Revolution Belongs to All Libyans, Secular or Not,"" The Guardian, September 27, 2011."
128	"""It was Belhadj who handled the training of Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia, including the cell that would go on to assassinate Belaid and Brahmi,"" said Oqaili. See Noureddine Baltayeb, ""Tunisia: New Details in Opposition Assassination Point to Libyan Islamist,"" Al-Akhbar (English), October 3, 2013. Echorouk Online, an influential Algerian news website, reported on February 18, 2013, ""The Islamic Fighting Group's leader in Libya and the Tripoli Military Council's commander Abdelhakim Belhadj is not allowed to enter Algeria as he is suspected of being involved in terrorist acts."""
129	Wolfram Lacher, "Fault Lines of the Revolution: Political Actors, Camps, and Conflicts," German Institute for International Security and Affairs, May 2013.
130	Jathran and several of his brothers organized an armed cell in Ajdabiya that was broken up by the authorities in 2005. After their release from prison during the first week of the 2011 uprising (alongside others who were almost exclusively LIFG members), they acknowledged having recruited Libyans to fight in Iraq but insisted that only "two or three" members of their cell were LIFG members. See Evan Hill, "One Family against Gaddafi," Al-Jazeera, March 18, 2011.
131	"Libya Oil Deadlock Causes Jitters in Global Energy Market," UPI, December18, 2013.
132	"Black Boxes Found from Libyan Plane Crash in Tunisia," Agence France-Presse, February 22, 2014.
133	"A Local Al Jazeera Clone," Maghreb Confidential, August 29, 2013.
134	"Sharia Law Declaration Raises Concerns in New Libya," Agence France-Presse, October 24, 2011.
135	Mary Beth Sheridan, "Libya Declares Liberation with an Islamic Tone," The Washington Post, October 23, 2011.
136	Dominique Soguel, "Ghariani Embodies Image of Muslim Libya in Post-Gathafi Era," Middle East Online, April 16, 2012.
137	Jamie Dettmer, "Libya's Grand Mufti: Teachers Must Veil," The Daily Beast, October 24, 2013.
138	Dominique Soguel, "Ghariani Embodies Image of Muslim Libya in Post-Gathafi Era," Middle East Online, April 16, 2012.
139	Ibid.
140	Susan Jones, "Libya's Grand Mufti Issues Fatwa against U.N. Report on Women's Rights," CNSNews, March 12, 2013.
141	Patrick Sawer, "Radical Cleric Uses UK as Base to Preach in Support of Violent Islamists," The Telegraph, August 30, 2014.
142	Ashraf Abdul Wahab, "Grand Mufti Calls for Changes to School Textbooks," Libya Herald, October 18, 2012.
143	Chris Stephen and Josh Halliday, "UK Accused of Harbouring Libyan Cleric Who Helped Aid Islamist Insurgency," The Guardian, August 29, 2014.
144	Patrick Sawer, "Radical Cleric Uses UK as Base to Preach in Support of Violent Islamists," The Telegraph, August 30, 2014.
145	Stephen F. Hayes and Thomas Joscelyn, "Questions They Won't Answer: Benghazi Isn't Going Away," The Weekly Standard, November 11, 2013.
146	Julian Pecquet, "Hillary: Benghazi 'My Biggest Regret,'" The Hill, January 27, 2014.
147	Stevens personally introduced NTC leader Mahmoud Jibril to Secretary of State Clinton in Paris in March 2011. See "US Gauges Libyan Opposition in Paris as Allies Call for Swift Military Intervention," The Washington Post, March 14, 2011.
148	"Scenesetter for Secretary Rice's Visit to Libya," Cable 08TRIPOLI680_a, U.S. Embassy, Tripoli, August 29, 2008.
149	David D. Kirkpatrick, "A Deadly Mix in Benghazi," The New York Times, December 28, 2013.
150	Robin Wright, "What Ambassador Chris Stevens Would Have Wanted Us to Do in the Middle East," The Washington Post, September 14, 2012.
151	Untitled, U.S. State Department, December 17, 2012, pp. 14–15, 30.
152	"A December 2011 memo by Assistant Secretary for Near Eastern Affairs Jeffrey Feltman, who visited Benghazi the preceding May and August, noted, ""Many Libyans have said the U.S. presence in Benghazi has a salutary, calming effect on easterners who are fearful that the new focus on Tripoli could once again lead to their neglect and exclusion from reconstruction and wealth distribution and strongly favor a permanent U.S. presence in the form of a full consulate."" See ""Action Memo for Under Secretary Kennedy,"" U.S. Department of State, December 27, 2011. Mark Hosenball and Susan Cornwell, ""U.S. Intended to Keep Benghazi Mission Open through 2012,"" Reuters, October 19, 2012."
153	Mark Hosenball, "U.S. Intelligence Set Back When Libya Base Was Abandoned," Reuters, October 12, 2012.
154	Adam Entous, Siobhan Gorman, and Margaret Coker, "CIA Takes Heat for Role in Libya," The Wall Street Journal, November 1, 2012.
155	"U.S. Officials: CIA Ran Benghazi Consulate," UPI, November 2, 2012.
156	"Analysis: CIA Role in Benghazi Underreported," CNN, May 15, 2013.
157	Margaret Coker, Adam Entous, Jay Solomon, and Siobhan Gorman, "Miscues before LibyaAssault," The Wall Street Journal, September 21, 2012.
158	Adam Entous, Siobhan Gorman, Margaret Coker, "CIA Takes Heat for Role in Libya," The Wall Street Journal, November 1, 2012.
159	"Review of the Terrorist Attacks on U.S. Facilities in Benghazi, Libya, September 11–12, 2012," U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 15, 2014, pp. 27–28.
160	Jennifer Griffin and Adam Housley, "Exclusive: Petraeus Mistress May Have Revealed Classified Information at Denver Speech on Real Reason for Libya Attack," Fox News, November 12, 2012.
161	Eric Schmitt, "C.I.A. Said to Aid in Steering Arms to Syrian Opposition," The New York Times, June 21, 2102.
162	"Exclusive: Dozens of CIA Operatives on the Ground during Benghazi Attack," CNN, August 1, 2013.
163	"Security Incidents since 2011," Regional Security Office, U.S. Embassy, Tripoli, Libya.
164	Untitled U.S. State Department, December 17, 2012, pp. 14–15, 30; "Security Incidents since 2011."
165	"The Security Failures of Benghazi," hearing before the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, October 10, 2012.
166	Email from Deputy Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security Charlene Lamb to Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security Scott Bultrowicz, with carbon copies to Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security Eric Boswell and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Countermeasures Gentry Smith, "Re: British Motorcade Attacked in Benghazi, June 11,2012," cited in "Benghazi: Where Is the State Department Accountability?" Majority Staff Report, House Foreign Affairs Committee, February 7, 2014.
167	"U.S. Memo Warned of High Risk of Libya Violence," CBS News, October 18, 2012.
168	Travel Warning, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, "Libya," August 27, 2012.
169	"Review of the Terrorist Attacks on U.S. Facilities in Benghazi, Libya," September 11–12, 2012, U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 15, 2014, p. 9.
170	Defense Intelligence Agency, "Libya: Terrorists Now Targeting U.S. and Western Interests," June 12, 2012, cited in "Review of the Terrorist Attacks on U.S. Facilities in Benghazi, Libya," September 11–12, 2012, U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 15, 2014, p. 9.
171	Pentagon Joint Staff, "Terrorism: Conditions Ripe for More Attacks, Terrorist Safe Haven in Libya," J-2 Intelligence Update, June 18, 2012, cited in "Review of the Terrorist Attacks on U.S.Facilities in Benghazi, Libya," September 11–12, 2012, U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 15, 2014, p. 9.
172	Pentagon Joint Staff, "Libya: Terrorists to Increase Strength during Next Six Months," J-2 Intelligence Update, August 19, 2012, cited in "Review of the Terrorist Attacks on U.S. Facilities in Benghazi, Libya," September 11–12, 2012, U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 15, 2014, p. 9.
173	Testimony of Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Wood before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, October 10, 2012.
174	The SSCI report noted a "significant difference in security staffing between the two facili- ties. In September 2012, there were three Diplomatic Security agents assigned to the Temporary Mission Facility, while there were nine security officers out of a total of II individuals at the CIA Annex . . . . In sum, the Mission facility had a much weaker security posture than the Annex, with a significant disparity in the quality." See "Review of the Terrorist Attacks on U.S. Facilities inBenghazi, Libya," September 11–12, 2012, U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January15, 2014, p. 19.
175	"That's fine," he continued, "but no one's ever come out and said that, that we made that risk and we made that decision, and then take responsibility for it." See "Benghazi: Exposing Failure and Recognizing Courage," hearing before the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, May 8, 2013.
176	"Action Memo for Under Secretary Kennedy," U.S. Department of State, December 27, 2011.
177	Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Review of the Terrorist Attacks on U.S. Facilities in Benghazi, Libya, September 11-12 ,2012, January 15, 2014, pp. 14–15, 30.
178	"Benghazi: Exposing Failure and Recognizing Courage," hearing before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, May 8, 2013
179	Shane Harris, "Chris Stevens' Benghazi Diary Reveals His Brooding, Hopeful Final Days," Foreign Policy, June 26, 2013.
180	Ibid.
181	Catherine Herridge and Pamela Browne, "Was Syrian Weapons Shipment Factor in Ambassador's Benghazi Visit?" Fox News, October 25, 2012. A September 11 meeting with Mohammad al-Mufti, head of the al-Marfta Shipping Company, may have been related.
182	Paul Schemm and Maggie Michael, "Libyan Witnesses Recount Organized Benghazi Attack," Associated Press, October 27, 2012.
183	Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, op. cit., pp. 14–15, 30.
184	Background Briefing on Libya, U.S. Department of State, October 9, 2012.
185	Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, op. cit., pp. 35–36.
186	Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, op. cit., pp. 14–15, 30.
187	17 Translation: "The martyrs of February 17 battalion absolutely denies any confrontation between [February 17] and the youth that invaded the embassy."
188	Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, op. cit., p. 36.
189	Report of the Benghazi Accountability Review Board, U.S. State Department, December 17, 2012, p. 5.
190	"Sensitive Documents Left with Little Security at U.S. mission in Benghazi," The Washington Post, October 3, 2012.
191	"Benghazi: Exposing Failure and Recognizing Courage," hearing before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, May 8, 2013.
192	"Libyan Guards' Eyewitness Accounts from Inside Benghazi U.S. Consulate during September 11 Attack Suggest Attack Was Well-Planned, American and Libyan Response Was Lacking," The Middle East Media Research Institute, Special Dispatch No. 4995, October 8, 2012.
193	Kelly McParland, "Bungling and Comically Inadequate Security Produced the Tragedy in Benghazi," The National Post, December 19, 2012.
194	Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, op. cit.
195	Matt Smith, "Ex-SEALs, Online Gaming Maven among Benghazi Dead," CNN, September 13, 2012.
196	David D. Kirkpatrick, "A Deadly Mix in Benghazi," The New York Times, December 28, 2013.
197	Diana West, "Meet Wissam bin Hamid, Uncle Sam's Jihadist Security Officer," October 24, 2012.
198	Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, op. cit., p. 35.
199	"Benghazi: Exposing Failure and Recognizing Courage," hearing before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, May 8, 2013.
200	"October 11, 2012 Debate Transcript."
201	Testimony of Secretary Hillary Clinton before the House Foreign Affairs Committee on January 23, 2013.
202	"Benghazi: Where Is the State Department Accountability?" Majority Staff Report, House Foreign Affairs Committee, February 7, 2014, p. 13.
203	Oren Dorell, "State: No One Fired over Benghazi Attack," USA Today, August 20, 2013.
204	Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, op. cit., p. 6.
205	Jan Stevens, "Carry on His Good Work," CNN, June 26, 2013.
206	Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, op. cit., p. 3.
207	"Libyan President el-Megarif Reportedly Eyes Al Qaeda in 'Preplanned' Attack on US Consulate," Fox News, September 16, 2012.
208	"Consulate Attack Preplanned, Libya's President Says," National Public Radio, September 16, 2012. Other Libyan officials disagreed. The deputy interior minister with responsibility for the east of Libya, Wanis Al-Sharif, blamed both Qaddafi elements and US security personnel, who he said had provoked the attack by shooting at peaceful demonstrators. See Nihal Zaroug and MahaEllawati, "US Consulate Attack 'Pre-Planned' Says Magarief," Libya Herald, September 14, 2012.
209	"Libya Identifies 50 Involved in U.S. Attack: Official," Reuters, September 15, 2012.
210	Eli Lake, "Obama's Shaky Libya Narrative," The Daily Beast, September 21, 2012.
211	"Kevin F. Kolbye, Dallas FBI's Assistant Special Agent in Charge, was On-Scene Commander for the investigation and claimed at a GovSec West Conference in Dallas (though he was never called to testify before Congress) that FBI officials were in Benghazi within two days of the attack, despite news reports' saying that the FBI did not arrive until weeks later. See Jamie Friedlander, ""FBI Special Agent Discusses Counterterrorism at GovSec West 2013,"" Security Today, November 21, 2013. Kerry Picket, ""Lead FBI Benghazi Investigator Has Never Testified before Congress,"" Breitbart.com, December 9, 2013."
212	Eileen Sullivan and Lolita C. Baldor, "FBI Came to Benghazi and Left in Past 24 Hours," Associated Press, October 4, 2012.
213	Richard Esposito, Jonathan Dienst, and Joe Valiquette, "FBI Seeks Help Identifying Three Suspects Seen at Benghazi Mission during Attack," NBC News, May 1, 2013.
214	"Information Sought on Attacks in Benghazi," FBI, May 2013.
215	"Seeking Information on Benghazi Attacks," FBI.
216	"The FBI page states: ""We need your help to solve this crime. If you have any information, text or e-mail BenghaziTips@ic.fbi.gov or submit information confidentially at https://forms.fbi.gov/benghazi-en."""
217	Ted Barrett, "U.S. Identifies Some Involved in Benghazi Attack, Lawmaker Says," CNN, May 21, 2013.
218	Catherine Herridge, "Lawmakers Question Why Benghazi Suspects Missing from 'Rewards for Justice' Program," Fox News, October 29, 2013.
219	"Review of the Terrorist Attacks on U.S. Facilities in Benghazi, Libya," September 11–12, 2012, U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 15, 2014, p. 41.
220	Bill Gertz, "Benghazi Attack Suspect Walks," Washington Free Beacon, June 27, 2013.
221	Ibid.
222	Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, op. cit., p. 41.
223	Ibid.
224	Devlin Barrett, "U.S. Files Charges in Benghazi Attack," The Wall Street Journal, August 6, 2013.
225	Evan Perez, "First Criminal Charges Filed in Benghazi Attack Probe," CNN, August 7, 2013.
226	David D. Kirkpatrick, "Suspect in Libya Attack, in Plain Sight, Scoffs at U.S.," The New York Times, October 18, 2012.
227	"Evan Perez, ""First Criminal Charges Filed in Benghazi Attack Probe,"" CNN, August 7, 2013. John King and Chelsea J. Carter, ""Lawmaker: If CNN Can Interview Suspect in Benghazi Attack, Why Can't FBI?"" CNN, August 7, 2013."
228	Mark A. Thiessen. "Kidnapped Libyan Prime Minister Pays the Price for an Obama Leak," American Enterprise Institute October 10, 2013.
229	Daniel Halper, "Hillary: We Must Empathize with America's Enemies," The Weekly Standard, December 4, 2014.
230	"Hillary Clinton Backer Jane Harman Questions Her Suggestion We 'Empathize' With Our 'Enemies,'" Washington Free Beacon, December 7, 2014.
231	Nick Milton, "What Is a Lesson Learned?" Knoco Stories, May 6, 2009.
232	Center for Army Lessons Learned.
233	Stephen M. Walt, "What Intervention in Libya Tells Us about the Neocon–Liberal Alliance," World News Daily, March 21, 2011.
234	"Libya's Cache of Toxic Arms All Destroyed," The New York Times, February 2, 2014.
a	"Foreign Claims Settlement Commission Libya Claims Program," U.S. Department of Justice
b	Ibid.
c	"Plane Bombs the Sudan, Which Accuses Libyans," New York Times, March 16, 1984
d	Leon Watson and Martin Robinson, "Parents of Murdered WPC Yvonne Fletcher Lay Flowers at Spot Where She Was Shot Dead 30 Years Ago as 'MI6 Spies Close in on Prime Suspect,'" Daily Mail, April 16, 2014,
e	"Foreign Claims Settlement Commission Libya Claims Program," U.S. Department of Justice
f	Brian Lee Davis, "Qaddafi , Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya," Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990, p. 80
g	LCDR Joseph T. Stanik, USN (Ret.), "HH 362 -- History of the Middle East," U.S. Naval Academy, April 2002
h	Arun Venugopal, "Post-Gadhafi , Survivors of Pan Am Flight 73 Seek Compensation," WNYC, November 27, 2011
i	Michael Kirkland, "Libya Hostage-Taking Suit Still Alive." UPI, April 22, 2003
j	"Pan Am Flight 103: A Look Back at the Lockerbie Bombing," New York Daily News, December 23, 2013
k	Kimberly Kindy, "Families of Americans Killed in 1989 Bombing See Victory over Libya Nullifi ed," Washington Post, December 23, 2008